Ticket #3011: 0003-Import-cppformat-v0.11.0.patch

new file source/third_party/cppformat/format.cpp

@@ +1 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2014, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+// Disable useless MSVC warnings.
+#undef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#undef _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#define _SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdarg>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+# define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+# ifdef __MINGW32__
+#  include <cstring>
+# endif
+# include <windows.h>
+# undef ERROR
+#endif
+
+using fmt::LongLong;
+using fmt::ULongLong;
+using fmt::internal::Arg;
+
+#if _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(push)
+# pragma warning(disable: 4127) // conditional expression is constant
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+
+// Portable version of signbit.
+// When compiled in C++11 mode signbit is no longer a macro but a function
+// defined in namespace std and the macro is undefined.
+inline int getsign(double x) {
+#ifdef signbit
+  return signbit(x);
+#else
+  return std::signbit(x);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Portable version of isinf.
+#ifdef isinf
+inline int isinfinity(double x) { return isinf(x); }
+inline int isinfinity(long double x) { return isinf(x); }
+#else
+inline int isinfinity(double x) { return std::isinf(x); }
+inline int isinfinity(long double x) { return std::isinf(x); }
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
+
+#else  // _MSC_VER
+
+inline int getsign(double value) {
+  if (value < 0) return 1;
+  if (value == value) return 0;
+  int dec = 0, sign = 0;
+  char buffer[2];  // The buffer size must be >= 2 or _ecvt_s will fail.
+  _ecvt_s(buffer, sizeof(buffer), value, 0, &dec, &sign);
+  return sign;
+}
+
+inline int isinfinity(double x) { return !_finite(x); }
+
+inline int fmt_snprintf(char *buffer, size_t size, const char *format, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, format);
+  int result = vsnprintf_s(buffer, size, _TRUNCATE, format, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  return result;
+}
+#define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
+
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+template <typename T>
+struct IsLongDouble { enum {VALUE = 0}; };
+
+template <>
+struct IsLongDouble<long double> { enum {VALUE = 1}; };
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template <bool IsSigned>
+struct IntChecker {
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    unsigned max = INT_MAX;
+    return value <= max;
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct IntChecker<true> {
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    return value >= INT_MIN && value <= INT_MAX;
+  }
+};
+
+const char RESET_COLOR[] = "\x1b[0m";
+
+typedef void (*FormatFunc)(fmt::Writer &, int , fmt::StringRef);
+
+void report_error(FormatFunc func,
+    int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true) {
+  try {
+    fmt::Writer full_message;
+    func(full_message, error_code, message); // TODO: make sure this doesn't throw
+    std::fwrite(full_message.c_str(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr);
+    std::fputc('\n', stderr);
+  } catch (...) {}
+}
+
+const Arg DUMMY_ARG = {Arg::INT, {0}};
+
+// IsZeroInt::visit(arg) returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+class IsZeroInt : public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<IsZeroInt, bool> {
+ public:
+  template <typename T>
+  bool visit_any_int(T value) { return value == 0; }
+};
+
+// Parses an unsigned integer advancing s to the end of the parsed input.
+// This function assumes that the first character of s is a digit.
+template <typename Char>
+int parse_nonnegative_int(
+    const Char *&s, const char *&error) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true) {
+  assert('0' <= *s && *s <= '9');
+  unsigned value = 0;
+  do {
+    unsigned new_value = value * 10 + (*s++ - '0');
+    // Check if value wrapped around.
+    value = new_value >= value ? new_value : UINT_MAX;
+  } while ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9');
+  if (value > INT_MAX) {
+    if (!error)
+      error = "number is too big in format";
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+const Char *find_closing_brace(const Char *s, int num_open_braces = 1) {
+  for (int n = num_open_braces; *s; ++s) {
+    if (*s == '{') {
+      ++n;
+    } else if (*s == '}') {
+      if (--n == 0)
+        return s;
+    }
+  }
+  throw fmt::FormatError("unmatched '{' in format");
+}
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+class WidthHandler : public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<WidthHandler, unsigned> {
+ private:
+  fmt::FormatSpec &spec_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit WidthHandler(fmt::FormatSpec &spec) : spec_(spec) {}
+
+  unsigned visit_unhandled_arg() {
+    throw fmt::FormatError("width is not integer");
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  unsigned visit_any_int(T value) {
+    typedef typename fmt::internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType UnsignedType;
+    UnsignedType width = value;
+    if (fmt::internal::is_negative(value)) {
+      spec_.align_ = fmt::ALIGN_LEFT;
+      width = 0 - width;
+    }
+    if (width > INT_MAX)
+      throw fmt::FormatError("number is too big in format");
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+  }
+};
+
+class PrecisionHandler :
+    public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<PrecisionHandler, int> {
+ public:
+  unsigned visit_unhandled_arg() {
+    throw fmt::FormatError("precision is not integer");
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  int visit_any_int(T value) {
+    if (!IntChecker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
+      throw fmt::FormatError("number is too big in format");
+    return static_cast<int>(value);
+  }
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to type T.
+template <typename T>
+class ArgConverter : public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<ArgConverter<T>, void> {
+ private:
+  fmt::internal::Arg &arg_;
+  wchar_t type_;
+
+ public:
+  ArgConverter(fmt::internal::Arg &arg, wchar_t type)
+    : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
+
+  template <typename U>
+  void visit_any_int(U value) {
+    bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+    using fmt::internal::Arg;
+    if (sizeof(T) <= sizeof(int)) {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        arg_.type = Arg::INT;
+        arg_.int_value = static_cast<int>(static_cast<T>(value));
+      } else {
+        arg_.type = Arg::UINT;
+        arg_.uint_value = static_cast<unsigned>(
+            static_cast<typename fmt::internal::MakeUnsigned<T>::Type>(value));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        arg_.type = Arg::LONG_LONG;
+        arg_.long_long_value =
+            static_cast<typename fmt::internal::MakeUnsigned<U>::Type>(value);
+      } else {
+        arg_.type = Arg::ULONG_LONG;
+        arg_.ulong_long_value =
+            static_cast<typename fmt::internal::MakeUnsigned<U>::Type>(value);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char.
+class CharConverter : public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<CharConverter, void> {
+ private:
+  fmt::internal::Arg &arg_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit CharConverter(fmt::internal::Arg &arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void visit_any_int(T value) {
+    arg_.type = Arg::CHAR;
+    arg_.int_value = static_cast<char>(value);
+  }
+};
+
+// This function template is used to prevent compile errors when handling
+// incompatible string arguments, e.g. handling a wide string in a narrow
+// string formatter.
+template <typename Char>
+Arg::StringValue<Char> ignore_incompatible_str(Arg::StringValue<wchar_t>);
+
+template <>
+inline Arg::StringValue<char> ignore_incompatible_str(
+    Arg::StringValue<wchar_t>) { return Arg::StringValue<char>(); }
+
+template <>
+inline Arg::StringValue<wchar_t> ignore_incompatible_str(
+    Arg::StringValue<wchar_t> s) { return s; }
+}  // namespace
+
+void fmt::SystemError::init(
+    int error_code, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  error_code_ = error_code;
+  Writer w;
+  internal::format_system_error(w, error_code, format(format_str, args));
+  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  base = std::runtime_error(w.str());
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+int fmt::internal::CharTraits<char>::format_float(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, T value) {
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return precision < 0 ?
+        FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, value) :
+        FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, precision, value);
+  }
+  return precision < 0 ?
+      FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, value) :
+      FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, precision, value);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+int fmt::internal::CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, T value) {
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return precision < 0 ?
+        swprintf(buffer, size, format, value) :
+        swprintf(buffer, size, format, precision, value);
+  }
+  return precision < 0 ?
+      swprintf(buffer, size, format, width, value) :
+      swprintf(buffer, size, format, width, precision, value);
+}
+
+const char fmt::internal::DIGITS[] =
+    "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+    "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+    "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+    "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+    "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor) \
+  factor * 10, \
+  factor * 100, \
+  factor * 1000, \
+  factor * 10000, \
+  factor * 100000, \
+  factor * 1000000, \
+  factor * 10000000, \
+  factor * 100000000, \
+  factor * 1000000000
+
+const uint32_t fmt::internal::POWERS_OF_10_32[] = {0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1)};
+const uint64_t fmt::internal::POWERS_OF_10_64[] = {
+  0,
+  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1),
+  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(ULongLong(1000000000)),
+  // Multiply several constants instead of using a single long long constant
+  // to avoid warnings about C++98 not supporting long long.
+  ULongLong(1000000000) * ULongLong(1000000000) * 10
+};
+
+void fmt::internal::report_unknown_type(char code, const char *type) {
+  if (std::isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(code))) {
+    throw fmt::FormatError(
+        fmt::format("unknown format code '{}' for {}", code, type));
+  }
+  throw fmt::FormatError(
+      fmt::format("unknown format code '\\x{:02x}' for {}",
+        static_cast<unsigned>(code), type));
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+fmt::internal::UTF8ToUTF16::UTF8ToUTF16(fmt::StringRef s) {
+  int length = MultiByteToWideChar(
+      CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.c_str(), -1, 0, 0);
+  static const char ERROR[] = "cannot convert string from UTF-8 to UTF-16";
+  if (length == 0)
+    throw WindowsError(GetLastError(), ERROR);
+  buffer_.resize(length);
+  length = MultiByteToWideChar(
+    CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.c_str(), -1, &buffer_[0], length);
+  if (length == 0)
+    throw WindowsError(GetLastError(), ERROR);
+}
+
+fmt::internal::UTF16ToUTF8::UTF16ToUTF8(fmt::WStringRef s) {
+  if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
+    throw WindowsError(error_code,
+        "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8");
+  }
+}
+
+int fmt::internal::UTF16ToUTF8::convert(fmt::WStringRef s) {
+  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.c_str(), -1, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  if (length == 0)
+    return GetLastError();
+  buffer_.resize(length);
+  length = WideCharToMultiByte(
+    CP_UTF8, 0, s.c_str(), -1, &buffer_[0], length, 0, 0);
+  if (length == 0)
+    return GetLastError();
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void fmt::WindowsError::init(
+    int error_code, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  error_code_ = error_code;
+  Writer w;
+  internal::format_windows_error(w, error_code, format(format_str, args));
+  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  base = std::runtime_error(w.str());
+}
+
+#endif
+
+int fmt::internal::safe_strerror(
+    int error_code, char *&buffer, std::size_t buffer_size) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true) {
+  assert(buffer != 0 && buffer_size != 0);
+  int result = 0;
+#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE
+  char *message = strerror_r(error_code, buffer, buffer_size);
+  // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
+  if (message == buffer && strlen(buffer) == buffer_size - 1)
+    result = ERANGE;
+  buffer = message;
+#elif __MINGW32__
+  errno = 0;
+  (void)buffer_size;
+  buffer = strerror(error_code);
+  result = errno;
+#elif _WIN32
+  result = strerror_s(buffer, buffer_size, error_code);
+  // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
+  if (result == 0 && std::strlen(buffer) == buffer_size - 1)
+    result = ERANGE;
+#else
+  result = strerror_r(error_code, buffer, buffer_size);
+  if (result == -1)
+    result = errno;  // glibc versions before 2.13 return result in errno.
+#endif
+  return result;
+}
+
+void fmt::internal::format_system_error(
+    fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) {
+  Array<char, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+  buffer.resize(INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+  char *system_message = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    system_message = &buffer[0];
+    int result = safe_strerror(error_code, system_message, buffer.size());
+    if (result == 0)
+      break;
+    if (result != ERANGE) {
+      // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
+      out << message << ": error code = " << error_code;
+      return;
+    }
+    buffer.resize(buffer.size() * 2);
+  }
+  out << message << ": " << system_message;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+void fmt::internal::format_windows_error(
+    fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) {
+  class String {
+   private:
+    LPWSTR str_;
+
+   public:
+    String() : str_() {}
+    ~String() { LocalFree(str_); }
+    LPWSTR *ptr() { return &str_; }
+    LPCWSTR c_str() const { return str_; }
+  };
+  String system_message;
+  if (FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
+      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, 0,
+      error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+      reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>(system_message.ptr()), 0, 0)) {
+    UTF16ToUTF8 utf8_message;
+    if (!utf8_message.convert(system_message.c_str())) {
+      out << message << ": " << utf8_message;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
+  out << message << ": error code = " << error_code;
+}
+#endif
+
+// An argument formatter.
+template <typename Char>
+class fmt::internal::ArgFormatter :
+    public fmt::internal::ArgVisitor<fmt::internal::ArgFormatter<Char>, void> {
+ private:
+  fmt::BasicFormatter<Char> &formatter_;
+  fmt::BasicWriter<Char> &writer_;
+  fmt::FormatSpec &spec_;
+  const Char *format_;
+
+ public:
+  ArgFormatter(
+      fmt::BasicFormatter<Char> &f,fmt::FormatSpec &s, const Char *fmt)
+  : formatter_(f), writer_(f.writer()), spec_(s), format_(fmt) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void visit_any_int(T value) { writer_.write_int(value, spec_); }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void visit_any_double(T value) { writer_.write_double(value, spec_); }
+
+  void visit_char(int value) {
+    if (spec_.type_ && spec_.type_ != 'c') {
+      spec_.flags_ |= CHAR_FLAG;
+      writer_.write_int(value, spec_);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (spec_.align_ == ALIGN_NUMERIC || spec_.flags_ != 0)
+      throw FormatError("invalid format specifier for char");
+    typedef typename fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+    CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+    if (spec_.width_ > 1) {
+      Char fill = static_cast<Char>(spec_.fill());
+      out = writer_.grow_buffer(spec_.width_);
+      if (spec_.align_ == fmt::ALIGN_RIGHT) {
+        std::fill_n(out, spec_.width_ - 1, fill);
+        out += spec_.width_ - 1;
+      } else if (spec_.align_ == fmt::ALIGN_CENTER) {
+        out = writer_.fill_padding(out, spec_.width_, 1, fill);
+      } else {
+        std::fill_n(out + 1, spec_.width_ - 1, fill);
+      }
+    } else {
+      out = writer_.grow_buffer(1);
+    }
+    *out = static_cast<Char>(value);
+  }
+
+  void visit_string(Arg::StringValue<char> value) {
+    writer_.write_str(value, spec_);
+  }
+  void visit_wstring(Arg::StringValue<wchar_t> value) {
+    writer_.write_str(ignore_incompatible_str<Char>(value), spec_);
+  }
+
+  void visit_pointer(const void *value) {
+    if (spec_.type_ && spec_.type_ != 'p')
+      fmt::internal::report_unknown_type(spec_.type_, "pointer");
+    spec_.flags_ = fmt::HASH_FLAG;
+    spec_.type_ = 'x';
+    writer_.write_int(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(value), spec_);
+  }
+
+  void visit_custom(Arg::CustomValue c) {
+    c.format(&formatter_, c.value, format_);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+void fmt::internal::FormatErrorReporter<Char>::operator()(
+        const Char *s, fmt::StringRef message) const {
+  if (find_closing_brace(s, num_open_braces))
+    throw fmt::FormatError(message);
+}
+
+// Fills the padding around the content and returns the pointer to the
+// content area.
+template <typename Char>
+typename fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr
+  fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::fill_padding(CharPtr buffer,
+    unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill) {
+  std::size_t padding = total_size - content_size;
+  std::size_t left_padding = padding / 2;
+  Char fill_char = static_cast<Char>(fill);
+  std::fill_n(buffer, left_padding, fill_char);
+  buffer += left_padding;
+  CharPtr content = buffer;
+  std::fill_n(buffer + content_size, padding - left_padding, fill_char);
+  return content;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+template <typename T>
+void fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::write_double(T value, const FormatSpec &spec) {
+  // Check type.
+  char type = spec.type();
+  bool upper = false;
+  switch (type) {
+  case 0:
+    type = 'g';
+    break;
+  case 'e': case 'f': case 'g': case 'a':
+    break;
+  case 'F':
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    // MSVC's printf doesn't support 'F'.
+    type = 'f';
+#endif
+    // Fall through.
+  case 'E': case 'G': case 'A':
+    upper = true;
+    break;
+  default:
+    internal::report_unknown_type(type, "double");
+    break;
+  }
+
+  char sign = 0;
+  // Use getsign instead of value < 0 because the latter is always
+  // false for NaN.
+  if (getsign(static_cast<double>(value))) {
+    sign = '-';
+    value = -value;
+  } else if (spec.flag(SIGN_FLAG)) {
+    sign = spec.flag(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
+  }
+
+  if (value != value) {
+    // Format NaN ourselves because sprintf's output is not consistent
+    // across platforms.
+    std::size_t size = 4;
+    const char *nan = upper ? " NAN" : " nan";
+    if (!sign) {
+      --size;
+      ++nan;
+    }
+    CharPtr out = write_str(nan, size, spec);
+    if (sign)
+      *out = sign;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (isinfinity(value)) {
+    // Format infinity ourselves because sprintf's output is not consistent
+    // across platforms.
+    std::size_t size = 4;
+    const char *inf = upper ? " INF" : " inf";
+    if (!sign) {
+      --size;
+      ++inf;
+    }
+    CharPtr out = write_str(inf, size, spec);
+    if (sign)
+      *out = sign;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  std::size_t offset = buffer_.size();
+  unsigned width = spec.width();
+  if (sign) {
+    buffer_.reserve(buffer_.size() + (std::max)(width, 1u));
+    if (width > 0)
+      --width;
+    ++offset;
+  }
+
+  // Build format string.
+  enum { MAX_FORMAT_SIZE = 10}; // longest format: %#-*.*Lg
+  Char format[MAX_FORMAT_SIZE];
+  Char *format_ptr = format;
+  *format_ptr++ = '%';
+  unsigned width_for_sprintf = width;
+  if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+    *format_ptr++ = '#';
+  if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER) {
+    width_for_sprintf = 0;
+  } else {
+    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_LEFT)
+      *format_ptr++ = '-';
+    if (width != 0)
+      *format_ptr++ = '*';
+  }
+  if (spec.precision() >= 0) {
+    *format_ptr++ = '.';
+    *format_ptr++ = '*';
+  }
+  if (IsLongDouble<T>::VALUE)
+    *format_ptr++ = 'L';
+  *format_ptr++ = type;
+  *format_ptr = '\0';
+
+  // Format using snprintf.
+  Char fill = static_cast<Char>(spec.fill());
+  for (;;) {
+    std::size_t size = buffer_.capacity() - offset;
+#if _MSC_VER
+    // MSVC's vsnprintf_s doesn't work with zero size, so reserve
+    // space for at least one extra character to make the size non-zero.
+    // Note that the buffer's capacity will increase by more than 1.
+    if (size == 0) {
+      buffer_.reserve(offset + 1);
+      size = buffer_.capacity() - offset;
+    }
+#endif
+    Char *start = &buffer_[offset];
+    int n = internal::CharTraits<Char>::format_float(
+        start, size, format, width_for_sprintf, spec.precision(), value);
+    if (n >= 0 && offset + n < buffer_.capacity()) {
+      if (sign) {
+        if ((spec.align() != ALIGN_RIGHT && spec.align() != ALIGN_DEFAULT) ||
+            *start != ' ') {
+          *(start - 1) = sign;
+          sign = 0;
+        } else {
+          *(start - 1) = fill;
+        }
+        ++n;
+      }
+      if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER &&
+          spec.width() > static_cast<unsigned>(n)) {
+        unsigned width = spec.width();
+        CharPtr p = grow_buffer(width);
+        std::copy(p, p + n, p + (width - n) / 2);
+        fill_padding(p, spec.width(), n, fill);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (spec.fill() != ' ' || sign) {
+        while (*start == ' ')
+          *start++ = fill;
+        if (sign)
+          *(start - 1) = sign;
+      }
+      grow_buffer(n);
+      return;
+    }
+    // If n is negative we ask to increase the capacity by at least 1,
+    // but as std::vector, the buffer grows exponentially.
+    buffer_.reserve(n >= 0 ? offset + n + 1 : buffer_.capacity() + 1);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+template <typename StrChar>
+void fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::write_str(
+    const Arg::StringValue<StrChar> &str, const FormatSpec &spec) {
+  // Check if StrChar is convertible to Char.
+  internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(StrChar());
+  if (spec.type_ && spec.type_ != 's')
+    internal::report_unknown_type(spec.type_, "string");
+  const StrChar *s = str.value;
+  std::size_t size = str.size;
+  if (size == 0) {
+    if (!s)
+      throw FormatError("string pointer is null");
+    if (*s)
+      size = std::char_traits<StrChar>::length(s);
+  }
+  write_str(s, size, spec);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline const Arg
+    &fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::parse_arg_index(const Char *&s) {
+  unsigned arg_index = 0;
+  if (*s < '0' || *s > '9') {
+    if (*s != '}' && *s != ':')
+      report_error_(s, "invalid argument index in format string");
+    const Arg &arg = next_arg();
+    if (error_)
+      report_error_(s, error_);
+    return arg;
+  }
+  if (next_arg_index_ > 0) {
+    report_error_(s,
+        "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  }
+  next_arg_index_ = -1;
+  arg_index = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error_);
+  if (error_)
+    report_error_(s, error_); // TODO: don't use report_error_
+  if (arg_index >= args_.size())
+    report_error_(s, "argument index is out of range in format");
+  return args_[arg_index];
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::check_sign(
+    const Char *&s, const Arg &arg) {
+  char sign = static_cast<char>(*s);
+  if (arg.type > Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE) {
+    report_error_(s, fmt::format(
+      "format specifier '{}' requires numeric argument", sign).c_str());
+  }
+  if (arg.type == Arg::UINT || arg.type == Arg::ULONG_LONG) {
+    report_error_(s, fmt::format(
+      "format specifier '{}' requires signed argument", sign).c_str());
+  }
+  ++s;
+}
+
+const Arg &fmt::internal::FormatterBase::next_arg() {
+  if (next_arg_index_ < 0) {
+    if (!error_)
+      error_ = "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing";
+    return DUMMY_ARG;
+  }
+  unsigned arg_index = next_arg_index_++;
+  if (arg_index < args_.size())
+    return args_[arg_index];
+  if (!error_)
+    error_ = "argument index is out of range in format";
+  return DUMMY_ARG;
+}
+
+const Arg &fmt::internal::FormatterBase::handle_arg_index(unsigned arg_index) {
+  if (arg_index != UINT_MAX) {
+    if (next_arg_index_ <= 0) {
+      next_arg_index_ = -1;
+      --arg_index;
+    } else if (!error_) {
+      error_ = "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing";
+    }
+    if (arg_index < args_.size())
+      return args_[arg_index];
+    if (!error_)
+      error_ = "argument index is out of range in format";
+    return DUMMY_ARG;
+  }
+  return next_arg();
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void fmt::internal::PrintfFormatter<Char>::parse_flags(
+    FormatSpec &spec, const Char *&s) {
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (*s++) {
+      case '-':
+        spec.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+        break;
+      case '+':
+        spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG;
+        break;
+      case '0':
+        spec.fill_ = '0';
+        break;
+      case ' ':
+        spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG;
+        break;
+      case '#':
+        spec.flags_ |= HASH_FLAG;
+        break;
+      default:
+        --s;
+        return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+unsigned fmt::internal::PrintfFormatter<Char>::parse_header(
+  const Char *&s, FormatSpec &spec) {
+  unsigned arg_index = UINT_MAX;
+  Char c = *s;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+    // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+    unsigned value = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error_);
+    if (*s == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+      ++s;
+      arg_index = value;
+    } else {
+      if (c == '0')
+        spec.fill_ = '0';
+      if (value != 0) {
+        // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+        // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        spec.width_ = value;
+        return arg_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  parse_flags(spec, s);
+  // Parse width.
+  if (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9') {
+    spec.width_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error_);
+  } else if (*s == '*') {
+    ++s;
+    spec.width_ = WidthHandler(spec).visit(handle_arg_index(UINT_MAX));
+  }
+  return arg_index;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void fmt::internal::PrintfFormatter<Char>::format(
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer, BasicStringRef<Char> format,
+    const ArgList &args) {
+  const Char *start = format.c_str();
+  args_ = args;
+  next_arg_index_ = 0;
+  const Char *s = start;
+  while (*s) {
+    Char c = *s++;
+    if (c != '%') continue;
+    if (*s == c) {
+      write(writer, start, s);
+      start = ++s;
+      continue;
+    }
+    write(writer, start, s - 1);
+
+    FormatSpec spec;
+    spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+
+    // Reporting errors is delayed till the format specification is
+    // completely parsed. This is done to avoid potentially confusing
+    // error messages for incomplete format strings. For example, in
+    //   sprintf("%2$", 42);
+    // the format specification is incomplete. In a naive approach we
+    // would parse 2 as an argument index and report an error that the
+    // index is out of range which would be rather confusing if the
+    // use meant "%2d$" rather than "%2$d". If we delay an error, the
+    // user will get an error that the format string is invalid which
+    // is OK for both cases.
+
+    // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+    unsigned arg_index = parse_header(s, spec);
+
+    // Parse precision.
+    if (*s == '.') {
+      ++s;
+      if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9') {
+        spec.precision_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error_);
+      } else if (*s == '*') {
+        ++s;
+        spec.precision_ = PrecisionHandler().visit(handle_arg_index(UINT_MAX));
+      }
+    }
+
+    Arg arg = handle_arg_index(arg_index);
+    if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG) && IsZeroInt().visit(arg))
+      spec.flags_ &= ~HASH_FLAG;
+    if (spec.fill_ == '0') {
+      if (arg.type <= Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+        spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+      else
+        spec.fill_ = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types.
+    }
+
+    // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    switch (*s++) {
+    case 'h':
+      if (*s == 'h')
+        ArgConverter<signed char>(arg, *++s).visit(arg);
+      else
+        ArgConverter<short>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+      break;
+    case 'l':
+      if (*s == 'l')
+        ArgConverter<fmt::LongLong>(arg, *++s).visit(arg);
+      else
+        ArgConverter<long>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      ArgConverter<intmax_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      ArgConverter<size_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      ArgConverter<ptrdiff_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+      // need to do the same.
+      break;
+    default:
+      --s;
+      ArgConverter<int>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (!*s)
+      throw FormatError("invalid format string");
+    if (error_)
+      throw FormatError(error_);
+    spec.type_ = static_cast<char>(*s++);
+    if (arg.type <= Arg::LAST_INTEGER_TYPE) {
+      // Normalize type.
+      switch (spec.type_) {
+      case 'i': case 'u':
+        spec.type_ = 'd';
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        // TODO: handle wchar_t
+        CharConverter(arg).visit(arg);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    start = s;
+
+    // Format argument.
+    switch (arg.type) {
+    case Arg::INT:
+      writer.write_int(arg.int_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::UINT:
+      writer.write_int(arg.uint_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+      writer.write_int(arg.long_long_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+      writer.write_int(arg.ulong_long_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::CHAR: {
+      if (spec.type_ && spec.type_ != 'c')
+        writer.write_int(arg.int_value, spec);
+      typedef typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+      CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+      if (spec.width_ > 1) {
+        Char fill = ' ';
+        out = writer.grow_buffer(spec.width_);
+        if (spec.align_ != ALIGN_LEFT) {
+          std::fill_n(out, spec.width_ - 1, fill);
+          out += spec.width_ - 1;
+        } else {
+          std::fill_n(out + 1, spec.width_ - 1, fill);
+        }
+      } else {
+        out = writer.grow_buffer(1);
+      }
+      *out = static_cast<Char>(arg.int_value);
+      break;
+    }
+    case Arg::DOUBLE:
+      writer.write_double(arg.double_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::LONG_DOUBLE:
+      writer.write_double(arg.long_double_value, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::STRING:
+      writer.write_str(arg.string, spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::WSTRING:
+      writer.write_str(ignore_incompatible_str<Char>(arg.wstring), spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::POINTER:
+      if (spec.type_ && spec.type_ != 'p')
+        internal::report_unknown_type(spec.type_, "pointer");
+      spec.flags_= HASH_FLAG;
+      spec.type_ = 'x';
+      writer.write_int(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(arg.pointer_value), spec);
+      break;
+    case Arg::CUSTOM:
+      if (spec.type_)
+        internal::report_unknown_type(spec.type_, "object");
+      arg.custom.format(&writer, arg.custom.value, "s");
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  write(writer, start, s);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+const Char *fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::format(
+    const Char *format_str, const Arg &arg) {
+  const Char *s = format_str;
+  const char *error = 0;
+  FormatSpec spec;
+  if (*s == ':') {
+    if (arg.type == Arg::CUSTOM) {
+      arg.custom.format(this, arg.custom.value, s);
+      return find_closing_brace(s) + 1;
+    }
+    ++s;
+    // Parse fill and alignment.
+    if (Char c = *s) {
+      const Char *p = s + 1;
+      spec.align_ = ALIGN_DEFAULT;
+      do {
+        switch (*p) {
+          case '<':
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+            break;
+          case '>':
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+            break;
+          case '=':
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+            break;
+          case '^':
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_CENTER;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (spec.align_ != ALIGN_DEFAULT) {
+          if (p != s) {
+            if (c == '}') break;
+            if (c == '{')
+              report_error_(s, "invalid fill character '{'");
+            s += 2;
+            spec.fill_ = c;
+          } else ++s;
+          if (spec.align_ == ALIGN_NUMERIC && arg.type > Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+            report_error_(s, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
+          break;
+        }
+      } while (--p >= s);
+    }
+
+    // Parse sign.
+    switch (*s) {
+      case '+':
+        check_sign(s, arg);
+        spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG;
+        break;
+      case '-':
+        check_sign(s, arg);
+        spec.flags_ |= MINUS_FLAG;
+        break;
+      case ' ':
+        check_sign(s, arg);
+        spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (*s == '#') {
+      if (arg.type > Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+        report_error_(s, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
+      spec.flags_ |= HASH_FLAG;
+      ++s;
+    }
+
+    // Parse width and zero flag.
+    if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9') {
+      if (*s == '0') {
+        if (arg.type > Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+          report_error_(s, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
+        spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+        spec.fill_ = '0';
+      }
+      // Zero may be parsed again as a part of the width, but it is simpler
+      // and more efficient than checking if the next char is a digit.
+      spec.width_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error);
+      if (error)
+        report_error_(s, error);
+    }
+
+    // Parse precision.
+    if (*s == '.') {
+      ++s;
+      spec.precision_ = 0;
+      if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9') {
+        spec.precision_ = parse_nonnegative_int(s, error);
+        if (error)
+          report_error_(s, error);
+      } else if (*s == '{') {
+        ++s;
+        ++report_error_.num_open_braces;
+        const Arg &precision_arg = parse_arg_index(s);
+        ULongLong value = 0;
+        switch (precision_arg.type) {
+          case Arg::INT:
+            if (precision_arg.int_value < 0)
+              report_error_(s, "negative precision in format");
+            value = precision_arg.int_value;
+            break;
+          case Arg::UINT:
+            value = precision_arg.uint_value;
+            break;
+          case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+            if (precision_arg.long_long_value < 0)
+              report_error_(s, "negative precision in format");
+            value = precision_arg.long_long_value;
+            break;
+          case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+            value = precision_arg.ulong_long_value;
+            break;
+          default:
+            report_error_(s, "precision is not integer");
+        }
+        if (value > INT_MAX)
+          report_error_(s, "number is too big in format");
+        spec.precision_ = static_cast<int>(value);
+        if (*s++ != '}')
+          throw FormatError("unmatched '{' in format");
+        --report_error_.num_open_braces;
+      } else {
+        report_error_(s, "missing precision in format");
+      }
+      if (arg.type != Arg::DOUBLE && arg.type != Arg::LONG_DOUBLE) {
+        report_error_(s,
+            "precision specifier requires floating-point argument");
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (*s != '}' && *s)
+      spec.type_ = static_cast<char>(*s++);
+  }
+
+  if (*s++ != '}')
+    throw FormatError("unmatched '{' in format");
+  start_ = s;
+
+  // Format argument.
+  internal::ArgFormatter<Char>(*this, spec, s - 1).visit(arg);
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>::format(
+    BasicStringRef<Char> format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  const Char *s = start_ = format_str.c_str();
+  args_ = args;
+  next_arg_index_ = 0;
+  while (*s) {
+    Char c = *s++;
+    if (c != '{' && c != '}') continue;
+    if (*s == c) {
+      write(writer_, start_, s);
+      start_ = ++s;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (c == '}')
+      throw FormatError("unmatched '}' in format");
+    report_error_.num_open_braces = 1;
+    write(writer_, start_, s - 1);
+    Arg arg = parse_arg_index(s);
+    s = format(s, arg);
+  }
+  write(writer_, start_, s);
+}
+
+void fmt::report_system_error(
+    int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true) {
+  // FIXME: format_system_error may throw
+  report_error(internal::format_system_error, error_code, message);
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+void fmt::report_windows_error(
+    int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true) {
+  // FIXME: format_windows_error may throw
+  report_error(internal::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+}
+#endif
+
+void fmt::print(std::FILE *f, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  Writer w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  std::fwrite(w.data(), 1, w.size(), f);
+}
+
+void fmt::print(std::ostream &os, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  Writer w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  os.write(w.data(), w.size());
+}
+
+void fmt::print_colored(Color c, StringRef format, const ArgList &args) {
+  char escape[] = "\x1b[30m";
+  escape[3] = '0' + static_cast<char>(c);
+  std::fputs(escape, stdout);
+  print(format, args);
+  std::fputs(RESET_COLOR, stdout);
+}
+
+int fmt::fprintf(std::FILE *f, StringRef format, const ArgList &args) {
+  Writer w;
+  printf(w, format, args);
+  return std::fwrite(w.data(), 1, w.size(), f);
+}
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template fmt::BasicWriter<char>::CharPtr
+  fmt::BasicWriter<char>::fill_padding(CharPtr buffer,
+    unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill);
+
+template void fmt::BasicFormatter<char>::format(
+  BasicStringRef<char> format, const ArgList &args);
+
+template void fmt::internal::PrintfFormatter<char>::format(
+  BasicWriter<char> &writer, BasicStringRef<char> format, const ArgList &args);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template fmt::BasicWriter<wchar_t>::CharPtr
+  fmt::BasicWriter<wchar_t>::fill_padding(CharPtr buffer,
+    unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill);
+
+template void fmt::BasicFormatter<wchar_t>::format(
+    BasicStringRef<wchar_t> format, const ArgList &args);
+
+template void fmt::internal::PrintfFormatter<wchar_t>::format(
+    BasicWriter<wchar_t> &writer, BasicStringRef<wchar_t> format,
+    const ArgList &args);
+
+#if _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(pop)
+#endif

new file source/third_party/cppformat/format.h

@@ +1 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2014, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>  // for std::ptrdiff_t
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+
+#if _SECURE_SCL
+# include <iterator>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+# define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+# define FMT_GCC_EXTENSION __extension__
+// Disable warning about "long long" which is sometimes reported even
+// when using __extension__.
+# if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406
+#  pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlong-long"
+# endif
+#else
+# define FMT_GCC_EXTENSION
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC_LIBSTD__
+# define FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION (__GNUC_LIBSTD__ * 100 + __GNUC_LIBSTD_MINOR__)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+# define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+# define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+# define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+# define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+// Variadic templates are available in GCC since version 4.4
+// (http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html) and in Visual C++
+// since version 2013.
+# define FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES \
+   (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_variadic_templates) || \
+       (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 && __cplusplus >= 201103) || _MSC_VER >= 1800)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+// Don't use rvalue references when compiling with clang and an old libstdc++
+// as the latter doesn't provide std::move.
+# if defined(FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION) && FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION <= 402
+#  define FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES 0
+# else
+#  define FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_rvalue_references) || \
+        (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && __cplusplus >= 201103) || _MSC_VER >= 1600)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+# include <utility>  // for std::move
+#endif
+
+// Define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT to make C++ Format use noexcept (C++11 feature).
+#if FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept) || \
+  (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && __cplusplus >= 201103)
+# define FMT_NOEXCEPT(expr) noexcept(expr)
+#else
+# define FMT_NOEXCEPT(expr)
+#endif
+
+// A macro to disallow the copy constructor and operator= functions
+// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class
+#define FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName) \
+  TypeName(const TypeName&); \
+  void operator=(const TypeName&)
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+// Fix the warning about long long on older versions of GCC
+// that don't support the diagnostic pragma.
+FMT_GCC_EXTENSION typedef long long LongLong;
+FMT_GCC_EXTENSION typedef unsigned long long ULongLong;
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+using std::move;
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicWriter;
+
+typedef BasicWriter<char> Writer;
+typedef BasicWriter<wchar_t> WWriter;
+
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicFormatter;
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format(BasicFormatter<Char> &f, const Char *format_str, const T &value);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A string reference. It can be constructed from a C string or
+  ``std::string``.
+  
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+  | Type       | Definition              |
+  +============+=========================+
+  | StringRef  | BasicStringRef<char>    |
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+  | WStringRef | BasicStringRef<wchar_t> |
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    std::string format(StringRef format, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicStringRef {
+ private:
+  const Char *data_;
+  mutable std::size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size.
+    If *size* is zero, which is the default, the size is computed
+    automatically.
+   */
+  BasicStringRef(const Char *s, std::size_t size = 0) : data_(s), size_(size) {}
+
+  /**
+    Constructs a string reference from an `std::string` object.
+   */
+  BasicStringRef(const std::basic_string<Char> &s)
+  : data_(s.c_str()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /**
+    Converts a string reference to an `std::string` object.
+   */
+  operator std::basic_string<Char>() const {
+    return std::basic_string<Char>(data_, size());
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns the pointer to a C string.
+   */
+  const Char *c_str() const { return data_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns the string size.
+   */
+  std::size_t size() const {
+    if (size_ == 0 && data_) size_ = std::char_traits<Char>::length(data_);
+    return size_;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs) {
+    return lhs.data_ == rhs.data_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs) {
+    return lhs.data_ != rhs.data_;
+  }
+};
+
+typedef BasicStringRef<char> StringRef;
+typedef BasicStringRef<wchar_t> WStringRef;
+
+/**
+  A formatting error such as invalid format string.
+*/
+class FormatError : public std::runtime_error {
+public:
+  explicit FormatError(const std::string &message)
+  : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// The number of characters to store in the Array object, representing the
+// output buffer, itself to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum { INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE = 500 };
+
+#if _SECURE_SCL
+// Use checked iterator to avoid warnings on MSVC.
+template <typename T>
+inline stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*> make_ptr(T *ptr, std::size_t size) {
+  return stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*>(ptr, size);
+}
+#else
+template <typename T>
+inline T *make_ptr(T *ptr, std::size_t) { return ptr; }
+#endif
+
+// A simple array for POD types with the first SIZE elements stored in
+// the object itself. It supports a subset of std::vector's operations.
+template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE>
+class Array {
+ private:
+  std::size_t size_;
+  std::size_t capacity_;
+  T *ptr_;
+  T data_[SIZE];
+
+  void grow(std::size_t size);
+
+  // Free memory allocated by the array.
+  void free() {
+    if (ptr_ != data_) delete [] ptr_;
+  }
+
+  // Move data from other to this array.
+  void move(Array &other) {
+    size_ = other.size_;
+    capacity_ = other.capacity_;
+    if (other.ptr_ == other.data_) {
+      ptr_ = data_;
+      std::copy(other.data_, other.data_ + size_, make_ptr(data_, capacity_));
+    } else {
+      ptr_ = other.ptr_;
+      // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+      // when freeing.
+      other.ptr_ = other.data_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Array);
+
+ public:
+  explicit Array(std::size_t size = 0)
+    : size_(size), capacity_(SIZE), ptr_(data_) {}
+  ~Array() { free(); }
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+  Array(Array &&other) {
+    move(other);
+  }
+
+  Array& operator=(Array &&other) {
+    assert(this != &other);
+    free();
+    move(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // Returns the size of this array.
+  std::size_t size() const { return size_; }
+
+  // Returns the capacity of this array.
+  std::size_t capacity() const { return capacity_; }
+
+  // Resizes the array. If T is a POD type new elements are not initialized.
+  void resize(std::size_t new_size) {
+    if (new_size > capacity_)
+      grow(new_size);
+    size_ = new_size;
+  }
+
+  // Reserves space to store at least capacity elements.
+  void reserve(std::size_t capacity) {
+    if (capacity > capacity_)
+      grow(capacity);
+  }
+
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  void push_back(const T &value) {
+    if (size_ == capacity_)
+      grow(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  // Appends data to the end of the array.
+  void append(const T *begin, const T *end);
+
+  T &operator[](std::size_t index) { return ptr_[index]; }
+  const T &operator[](std::size_t index) const { return ptr_[index]; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE>
+void Array<T, SIZE>::grow(std::size_t size) {
+  capacity_ = (std::max)(size, capacity_ + capacity_ / 2);
+  T *p = new T[capacity_];
+  std::copy(ptr_, ptr_ + size_, make_ptr(p, capacity_));
+  if (ptr_ != data_)
+    delete [] ptr_;
+  ptr_ = p;
+}
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE>
+void Array<T, SIZE>::append(const T *begin, const T *end) {
+  std::ptrdiff_t num_elements = end - begin;
+  if (size_ + num_elements > capacity_)
+    grow(size_ + num_elements);
+  std::copy(begin, end, make_ptr(ptr_, capacity_) + size_);
+  size_ += num_elements;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicCharTraits {
+ public:
+#if _SECURE_SCL
+  typedef stdext::checked_array_iterator<Char*> CharPtr;
+#else
+  typedef Char *CharPtr;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+class CharTraits;
+
+template <>
+class CharTraits<char> : public BasicCharTraits<char> {
+ private:
+  // Conversion from wchar_t to char is not allowed.
+  static char convert(wchar_t);
+
+public:
+  typedef const wchar_t *UnsupportedStrType;
+
+  static char convert(char value) { return value; }
+
+  // Formats a floating-point number.
+  template <typename T>
+  static int format_float(char *buffer, std::size_t size,
+      const char *format, unsigned width, int precision, T value);
+};
+
+template <>
+class CharTraits<wchar_t> : public BasicCharTraits<wchar_t> {
+ public:
+  typedef const char *UnsupportedStrType;
+
+  static wchar_t convert(char value) { return value; }
+  static wchar_t convert(wchar_t value) { return value; }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static int format_float(wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size,
+      const wchar_t *format, unsigned width, int precision, T value);
+};
+
+// Selects uint32_t if FitsIn32Bits is true, uint64_t otherwise.
+template <bool FitsIn32Bits>
+struct TypeSelector { typedef uint32_t Type; };
+
+template <>
+struct TypeSelector<false> { typedef uint64_t Type; };
+
+// Checks if a number is negative - used to avoid warnings.
+template <bool IsSigned>
+struct SignChecker {
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool is_negative(T) { return false; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct SignChecker<true> {
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool is_negative(T value) { return value < 0; }
+};
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as (value < 0) but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T>
+inline bool is_negative(T value) {
+  return SignChecker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::is_negative(value);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+struct IntTraits {
+  // Smallest of uint32_t and uint64_t that is large enough to represent
+  // all values of T.
+  typedef typename
+    TypeSelector<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 32>::Type MainType;
+};
+
+// MakeUnsigned<T>::Type gives an unsigned type corresponding to integer type T.
+template <typename T>
+struct MakeUnsigned { typedef T Type; };
+
+#define FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(T, U) \
+  template <> \
+  struct MakeUnsigned<T> { typedef U Type; }
+
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(char, unsigned char);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(signed char, unsigned char);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(short, unsigned short);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(int, unsigned);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(long, unsigned long);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(LongLong, ULongLong);
+
+void report_unknown_type(char code, const char *type);
+
+extern const uint32_t POWERS_OF_10_32[];
+extern const uint64_t POWERS_OF_10_64[];
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint64_t n) {
+  // Based on http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+  // and the benchmark https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits.
+  unsigned t = (64 - __builtin_clzll(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+  return t - (n < POWERS_OF_10_64[t]) + 1;
+}
+# if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint32_t n) {
+  uint32_t t = (32 - __builtin_clz(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+  return t - (n < POWERS_OF_10_32[t]) + 1;
+}
+# endif
+#else
+// Slower version of count_digits used when __builtin_clz is not available.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint64_t n) {
+  unsigned count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000u;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+extern const char DIGITS[];
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into buffer.
+template <typename UInt, typename Char>
+inline void format_decimal(Char *buffer, UInt value, unsigned num_digits) {
+  --num_digits;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    unsigned index = (value % 100) * 2;
+    value /= 100;
+    buffer[num_digits] = DIGITS[index + 1];
+    buffer[num_digits - 1] = DIGITS[index];
+    num_digits -= 2;
+  }
+  if (value < 10) {
+    *buffer = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
+    return;
+  }
+  unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+  buffer[1] = DIGITS[index + 1];
+  buffer[0] = DIGITS[index];
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems use UTF-8.
+class UTF8ToUTF16 {
+ private:
+  Array<wchar_t, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit UTF8ToUTF16(StringRef s);
+  operator WStringRef() const { return WStringRef(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  const wchar_t *c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  std::wstring str() const { return std::wstring(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+};
+
+// A converter from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems use UTF-8.
+class UTF16ToUTF8 {
+ private:
+  Array<char, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  UTF16ToUTF8() {}
+  explicit UTF16ToUTF8(WStringRef s);
+  operator StringRef() const { return StringRef(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  const char *c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
+  // throwing exception on error.
+  int convert(WStringRef s);
+};
+#endif
+
+// Portable thread-safe version of strerror.
+// Sets buffer to point to a string describing the error code.
+// This can be either a pointer to a string stored in buffer,
+// or a pointer to some static immutable string.
+// Returns one of the following values:
+//   0      - success
+//   ERANGE - buffer is not large enough to store the error message
+//   other  - failure
+// Buffer should be at least of size 1.
+int safe_strerror(int error_code,
+    char *&buffer, std::size_t buffer_size) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true);
+
+void format_system_error(
+    fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message);
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+void format_windows_error(
+    fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message);
+#endif
+
+// Throws Exception(message) if format contains '}', otherwise throws
+// FormatError reporting unmatched '{'. The idea is that unmatched '{'
+// should override other errors.
+template <typename Char>
+struct FormatErrorReporter {
+  int num_open_braces;
+  void operator()(const Char *s, fmt::StringRef message) const;
+};
+
+// Computes max(Arg, 1) at compile time. It is used to avoid errors about
+// allocating an array of 0 size.
+template <unsigned Arg>
+struct NonZero {
+  enum { VALUE = Arg };
+};
+
+template <>
+struct NonZero<0> {
+  enum { VALUE = 1 };
+};
+
+// A formatting argument. It is a POD type to allow storage in internal::Array.
+struct Arg {
+  enum Type {
+    // Integer types should go first,
+    INT, UINT, LONG_LONG, ULONG_LONG, CHAR, LAST_INTEGER_TYPE = CHAR,
+    // followed by floating-point types.
+    DOUBLE, LONG_DOUBLE, LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE = LONG_DOUBLE,
+    STRING, WSTRING, POINTER, CUSTOM
+  };
+  Type type;
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  struct StringValue {
+    const Char *value;
+    std::size_t size;
+  };
+
+  typedef void (*FormatFunc)(
+      void *formatter, const void *arg, const void *format_str);
+
+  struct CustomValue {
+    const void *value;
+    FormatFunc format;
+  };
+
+  union {
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    LongLong long_long_value;
+    ULongLong ulong_long_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void *pointer_value;
+    StringValue<char> string;
+    StringValue<wchar_t> wstring;
+    CustomValue custom;
+  };
+};
+
+// Makes an Arg object from any type.
+template <typename Char>
+class MakeArg : public Arg {
+ private:
+  // The following two methods are private to disallow formatting of
+  // arbitrary pointers. If you want to output a pointer cast it to
+  // "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this forbids formatting
+  // of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool by iostreams.
+  // Do not implement!
+  template <typename T>
+  MakeArg(const T *value);
+  template <typename T>
+  MakeArg(T *value);
+
+  void set_string(StringRef str) {
+    type = STRING;
+    string.value = str.c_str();
+    string.size = str.size();
+  }
+
+  void set_string(WStringRef str) {
+    type = WSTRING;
+    CharTraits<Char>::convert(wchar_t());
+    wstring.value = str.c_str();
+    wstring.size = str.size();
+  }
+
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T>
+  static void format_custom_arg(
+      void *formatter, const void *arg, const void *format_str) {
+    format(*static_cast<BasicFormatter<Char>*>(formatter),
+        static_cast<const Char*>(format_str), *static_cast<const T*>(arg));
+  }
+
+public:
+  MakeArg() {}
+  MakeArg(bool value) { type = INT; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(short value) { type = INT; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(unsigned short value) { type = UINT; uint_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(int value) { type = INT; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(unsigned value) { type = UINT; uint_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(long value) {
+    // To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is
+    // translated either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+    if (sizeof(long) == sizeof(int)) {
+      type = INT;
+      int_value = static_cast<int>(value);
+    } else {
+      type = LONG_LONG;
+      long_long_value = value;
+    }
+  }
+  MakeArg(unsigned long value) {
+    if (sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned)) {
+      type = UINT;
+      uint_value = static_cast<unsigned>(value);
+    } else {
+      type = ULONG_LONG;
+      ulong_long_value = value;
+    }
+  }
+  MakeArg(LongLong value) { type = LONG_LONG; long_long_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(ULongLong value) { type = ULONG_LONG; ulong_long_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(float value) { type = DOUBLE; double_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(double value) { type = DOUBLE; double_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(long double value) { type = LONG_DOUBLE; long_double_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(signed char value) { type = CHAR; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(unsigned char value) { type = CHAR; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(char value) { type = CHAR; int_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(wchar_t value) {
+    type = CHAR;
+    int_value = internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(value);
+  }
+
+  MakeArg(char *value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(const char *value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(const std::string &value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(StringRef value) { set_string(value); }
+
+  MakeArg(wchar_t *value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(const wchar_t *value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(const std::wstring &value) { set_string(value); }
+  MakeArg(WStringRef value) { set_string(value); }
+
+  MakeArg(void *value) { type = POINTER; pointer_value = value; }
+  MakeArg(const void *value) { type = POINTER; pointer_value = value; }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  MakeArg(const T &value) {
+    type = CUSTOM;
+    custom.value = &value;
+    custom.format = &format_custom_arg<T>;
+  }
+};
+
+#define FMT_DISPATCH(call) static_cast<Impl*>(this)->call
+
+// An argument visitor.
+// To use ArgVisitor define a subclass that implements some or all of the
+// visit methods with the same signatures as the methods in ArgVisitor,
+// for example, visit_int(int).
+// Specify the subclass name as the Impl template parameter. Then calling
+// ArgVisitor::visit for some argument will dispatch to a visit method
+// specific to the argument type. For example, if the argument type is
+// double then visit_double(double) method of a subclass will be called.
+// If the subclass doesn't contain a method with this signature, then
+// a corresponding method of ArgVisitor will be called.
+//
+// Example:
+//  class MyArgVisitor : public ArgVisitor<MyArgVisitor, void> {
+//   public:
+//    void visit_int(int value) { print("{}", value); }
+//    void visit_double(double value) { print("{}", value ); }
+//  };
+//
+// ArgVisitor uses the curiously recurring template pattern:
+// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern
+template <typename Impl, typename Result>
+class ArgVisitor {
+ public:
+  Result visit_unhandled_arg() { return Result(); }
+
+  Result visit_int(int value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+  }
+  Result visit_long_long(LongLong value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+  }
+  Result visit_uint(unsigned value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+  }
+  Result visit_ulong_long(ULongLong value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+  }
+  Result visit_char(int value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  Result visit_any_int(T) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+
+  Result visit_double(double value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_double(value));
+  }
+  Result visit_long_double(long double value) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_double(value));
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  Result visit_any_double(T) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+
+  Result visit_string(Arg::StringValue<char>) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+  Result visit_wstring(Arg::StringValue<wchar_t>) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+  Result visit_pointer(const void *) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+  Result visit_custom(Arg::CustomValue) {
+    return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+  }
+
+  Result visit(const Arg &arg) {
+    switch (arg.type) {
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      // Fall through.
+    case Arg::INT:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_int(arg.int_value));
+    case Arg::UINT:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_uint(arg.uint_value));
+    case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_long_long(arg.long_long_value));
+    case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_ulong_long(arg.ulong_long_value));
+    case Arg::DOUBLE:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_double(arg.double_value));
+    case Arg::LONG_DOUBLE:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_long_double(arg.long_double_value));
+    case Arg::CHAR:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_char(arg.int_value));
+    case Arg::STRING:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_string(arg.string));
+    case Arg::WSTRING:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_wstring(arg.wstring));
+    case Arg::POINTER:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_pointer(arg.pointer_value));
+    case Arg::CUSTOM:
+      return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_custom(arg.custom));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+class RuntimeError : public std::runtime_error {
+ protected:
+  RuntimeError() : std::runtime_error("") {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+class ArgFormatter;
+}  // namespace internal
+
+/**
+  An argument list.
+ */
+class ArgList {
+ private:
+  const internal::Arg *args_;
+  std::size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  ArgList() : size_(0) {}
+  ArgList(const internal::Arg *args, std::size_t size)
+  : args_(args), size_(size) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns the list size (the number of arguments).
+   */
+  std::size_t size() const { return size_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns the argument at specified index.
+   */
+  const internal::Arg &operator[](std::size_t index) const {
+    return args_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+struct FormatSpec;
+
+namespace internal {
+
+class FormatterBase {
+protected:
+  ArgList args_;
+  int next_arg_index_;
+  const char *error_;
+
+  FormatterBase() : error_(0) {}
+
+  const Arg &next_arg();
+
+  const Arg &handle_arg_index(unsigned arg_index);
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void write(BasicWriter<Char> &w, const Char *start, const Char *end) {
+    if (start != end)
+      w << BasicStringRef<Char>(start, end - start);
+  }
+
+  // TODO
+};
+
+// A printf formatter.
+template <typename Char>
+class PrintfFormatter : private FormatterBase {
+ private:
+  void parse_flags(FormatSpec &spec, const Char *&s);
+
+  // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the parsed
+  // argument index.
+  unsigned parse_header(const Char *&s, FormatSpec &spec);
+
+ public:
+  void format(BasicWriter<Char> &writer,
+    BasicStringRef<Char> format, const ArgList &args);
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// A formatter.
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicFormatter : private internal::FormatterBase {
+private:
+  BasicWriter<Char> &writer_;
+  const Char *start_;
+  internal::FormatErrorReporter<Char> report_error_;
+
+  // Parses argument index and returns an argument with this index.
+  const internal::Arg &parse_arg_index(const Char *&s);
+
+  void check_sign(const Char *&s, const internal::Arg &arg);
+
+public:
+  explicit BasicFormatter(BasicWriter<Char> &w) : writer_(w) {}
+
+  BasicWriter<Char> &writer() { return writer_; }
+
+  void format(BasicStringRef<Char> format_str, const ArgList &args);
+
+  const Char *format(const Char *format_str, const internal::Arg &arg);
+};
+
+enum Alignment {
+  ALIGN_DEFAULT, ALIGN_LEFT, ALIGN_RIGHT, ALIGN_CENTER, ALIGN_NUMERIC
+};
+
+// Flags.
+enum {
+  SIGN_FLAG = 1, PLUS_FLAG = 2, MINUS_FLAG = 4, HASH_FLAG = 8,
+  CHAR_FLAG = 0x10  // Argument has char type - used in error reporting.
+};
+
+// An empty format specifier.
+struct EmptySpec {};
+
+// A type specifier.
+template <char TYPE>
+struct TypeSpec : EmptySpec {
+  Alignment align() const { return ALIGN_DEFAULT; }
+  unsigned width() const { return 0; }
+  int precision() const { return -1; }
+  bool flag(unsigned) const { return false; }
+  char type() const { return TYPE; }
+  char fill() const { return ' '; }
+};
+
+// A width specifier.
+struct WidthSpec {
+  unsigned width_;
+  // Fill is always wchar_t and cast to char if necessary to avoid having
+  // two specialization of WidthSpec and its subclasses.
+  wchar_t fill_;
+
+  WidthSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill) : width_(width), fill_(fill) {}
+
+  unsigned width() const { return width_; }
+  wchar_t fill() const { return fill_; }
+};
+
+// An alignment specifier.
+struct AlignSpec : WidthSpec {
+  Alignment align_;
+
+  AlignSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill, Alignment align = ALIGN_DEFAULT)
+  : WidthSpec(width, fill), align_(align) {}
+
+  Alignment align() const { return align_; }
+
+  int precision() const { return -1; }
+};
+
+// An alignment and type specifier.
+template <char TYPE>
+struct AlignTypeSpec : AlignSpec {
+  AlignTypeSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill) : AlignSpec(width, fill) {}
+
+  bool flag(unsigned) const { return false; }
+  char type() const { return TYPE; }
+};
+
+// A full format specifier.
+struct FormatSpec : AlignSpec {
+  unsigned flags_;
+  int precision_;
+  char type_;
+
+  FormatSpec(
+    unsigned width = 0, char type = 0, wchar_t fill = ' ')
+  : AlignSpec(width, fill), flags_(0), precision_(-1), type_(type) {}
+
+  bool flag(unsigned f) const { return (flags_ & f) != 0; }
+  int precision() const { return precision_; }
+  char type() const { return type_; }
+};
+
+// An integer format specifier.
+template <typename T, typename SpecT = TypeSpec<0>, typename Char = char>
+class IntFormatSpec : public SpecT {
+ private:
+  T value_;
+
+ public:
+  IntFormatSpec(T value, const SpecT &spec = SpecT())
+  : SpecT(spec), value_(value) {}
+
+  T value() const { return value_; }
+};
+
+// A string format specifier.
+template <typename T>
+class StrFormatSpec : public AlignSpec {
+ private:
+  const T *str_;
+
+ public:
+  StrFormatSpec(const T *str, unsigned width, wchar_t fill)
+  : AlignSpec(width, fill), str_(str) {}
+
+  const T *str() const { return str_; }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 2.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'b'> > bin(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 8.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'o'> > oct(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 16 using
+  lower-case letters for the digits above 9.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'x'> > hex(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer formatter format specifier to format in base 16 using
+  upper-case letters for the digits above 9.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'X'> > hexu(int value);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an integer format specifier to pad the formatted argument with the
+  fill character to the specified width using the default (right) numeric
+  alignment.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    Writer out;
+    out << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8, '0');
+    // out.str() == "0000cafe"
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <char TYPE_CODE, typename Char>
+IntFormatSpec<int, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> pad(
+    int value, unsigned width, Char fill = ' ');
+
+#define FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(TYPE) \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'b'> > bin(TYPE value) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'b'> >(value, TypeSpec<'b'>()); \
+} \
+ \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'o'> > oct(TYPE value) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'o'> >(value, TypeSpec<'o'>()); \
+} \
+ \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'x'> > hex(TYPE value) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'x'> >(value, TypeSpec<'x'>()); \
+} \
+ \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'X'> > hexu(TYPE value) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'X'> >(value, TypeSpec<'X'>()); \
+} \
+ \
+template <char TYPE_CODE> \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE> > pad( \
+    IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<TYPE_CODE> > f, unsigned width) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE> >( \
+      f.value(), AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>(width, ' ')); \
+} \
+ \
+/* For compatibility with older compilers we provide two overloads for pad, */ \
+/* one that takes a fill character and one that doesn't. In the future this */ \
+/* can be replaced with one overload making the template argument Char      */ \
+/* default to char (C++11). */ \
+template <char TYPE_CODE, typename Char> \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> pad( \
+    IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> f, \
+    unsigned width, Char fill) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char>( \
+      f.value(), AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>(width, fill)); \
+} \
+ \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0> > pad( \
+    TYPE value, unsigned width) { \
+  return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0> >( \
+      value, AlignTypeSpec<0>(width, ' ')); \
+} \
+ \
+template <typename Char> \
+inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>, Char> pad( \
+   TYPE value, unsigned width, Char fill) { \
+ return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>, Char>( \
+     value, AlignTypeSpec<0>(width, fill)); \
+}
+
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(int)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(long)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(unsigned)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(unsigned long)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(LongLong)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(ULongLong)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a string formatter that pads the formatted argument with the fill
+  character to the specified width using the default (left) string alignment.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string s = str(Writer() << pad("abc", 8));
+    // s == "abc     "
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char>
+inline StrFormatSpec<Char> pad(
+    const Char *str, unsigned width, Char fill = ' ') {
+  return StrFormatSpec<Char>(str, width, fill);
+}
+
+inline StrFormatSpec<wchar_t> pad(
+    const wchar_t *str, unsigned width, char fill = ' ') {
+  return StrFormatSpec<wchar_t>(str, width, fill);
+}
+
+// Generates a comma-separated list with results of applying f to numbers 0..n-1.
+# define FMT_GEN(n, f) FMT_GEN##n(f)
+# define FMT_GEN1(f)  f(0)
+# define FMT_GEN2(f)  FMT_GEN1(f), f(1)
+# define FMT_GEN3(f)  FMT_GEN2(f), f(2)
+# define FMT_GEN4(f)  FMT_GEN3(f), f(3)
+# define FMT_GEN5(f)  FMT_GEN4(f), f(4)
+# define FMT_GEN6(f)  FMT_GEN5(f), f(5)
+# define FMT_GEN7(f)  FMT_GEN6(f), f(6)
+# define FMT_GEN8(f)  FMT_GEN7(f), f(7)
+# define FMT_GEN9(f)  FMT_GEN8(f), f(8)
+# define FMT_GEN10(f) FMT_GEN9(f), f(9)
+
+# define FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG(n) typename T##n
+# define FMT_MAKE_ARG(n) const T##n &v##n
+# define FMT_MAKE_REF_char(n) fmt::internal::MakeArg<char>(v##n)
+# define FMT_MAKE_REF_wchar_t(n) fmt::internal::MakeArg<wchar_t>(v##n)
+
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+// Defines a variadic function returning void.
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(func, arg_type) \
+  template<typename... Args> \
+  void func(arg_type arg1, const Args & ... args) { \
+    using fmt::internal::Arg; \
+    const Arg arg_array[fmt::internal::NonZero<sizeof...(Args)>::VALUE] = { \
+      fmt::internal::MakeArg<Char>(args)... \
+    }; \
+    func(arg1, ArgList(arg_array, sizeof...(Args))); \
+  }
+
+// Defines a variadic constructor.
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type) \
+  template<typename... Args> \
+  ctor(arg0_type arg0, arg1_type arg1, const Args & ... args) { \
+    using fmt::internal::Arg; \
+    const Arg arg_array[fmt::internal::NonZero<sizeof...(Args)>::VALUE] = { \
+      fmt::internal::MakeArg<Char>(args)... \
+    }; \
+    func(arg0, arg1, ArgList(arg_array, sizeof...(Args))); \
+  }
+
+#else
+
+# define FMT_MAKE_REF(n) fmt::internal::MakeArg<Char>(v##n)
+// Defines a wrapper for a function taking one argument of type arg_type
+// and n additional arguments of arbitrary types.
+# define FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, n) \
+  template <FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)> \
+  inline void func(arg_type arg1, FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG)) { \
+    const fmt::internal::Arg args[] = {FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF)}; \
+    func(arg1, fmt::ArgList(args, sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args))); \
+  }
+
+// Emulates a variadic function returning void on a pre-C++11 compiler.
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(func, arg_type) \
+  FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 1) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 2) \
+  FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 3) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 4) \
+  FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 5) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 6) \
+  FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 7) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 8) \
+  FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 9) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 10)
+
+# define FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, n) \
+  template <FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)> \
+  ctor(arg0_type arg0, arg1_type arg1, FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG)) { \
+    const fmt::internal::Arg args[] = {FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF)}; \
+    func(arg0, arg1, fmt::ArgList(args, sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args))); \
+  }
+
+// Emulates a variadic constructor on a pre-C++11 compiler.
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 1) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 2) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 3) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 4) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 5) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 6) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 7) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 8) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 9) \
+  FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 10)
+#endif
+
+// Generates a comma-separated list with results of applying f to pairs
+// (argument, index).
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH1(f, x0) f(x0, 0)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH2(f, x0, x1) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH1(f, x0), f(x1, 1)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH3(f, x0, x1, x2) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH2(f, x0 ,x1), f(x2, 2)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH4(f, x0, x1, x2, x3) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH3(f, x0, x1, x2), f(x3, 3)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH5(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH4(f, x0, x1, x2, x3), f(x4, 4)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH6(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH5(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4), f(x5, 5)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH7(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH6(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5), f(x6, 6)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH8(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH7(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6), f(x7, 7)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH9(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH8(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7), f(x8, 8)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH10(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9) \
+  FMT_FOR_EACH9(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8), f(x9, 9)
+
+/**
+An error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
+for example a file opening error.
+*/
+class SystemError : public internal::RuntimeError {
+ private:
+  void init(int error_code, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args);
+
+ protected:
+  int error_code_;
+
+  typedef char Char;  // For FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR.
+
+  SystemError() {}
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a :cpp:class:`fmt::SystemError` object with the description
+   of the form "*<message>*: *<system-message>*", where *<message>* is the
+   formatted message and *<system-message>* is the system message corresponding
+   to the error code.
+   *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+   \endrst
+  */
+  SystemError(int error_code, StringRef message) {
+    init(error_code, message, ArgList());
+  }
+  FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(SystemError, init, int, StringRef)
+
+  int error_code() const { return error_code_; }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  This template provides operations for formatting and writing data into
+  a character stream. The output is stored in a memory buffer that grows
+  dynamically.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +---------+----------------------+
+  | Type    | Definition           |
+  +=========+======================+
+  | Writer  | BasicWriter<char>    |
+  +---------+----------------------+
+  | WWriter | BasicWriter<wchar_t> |
+  +---------+----------------------+
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     Writer out;
+     out << "The answer is " << 42 << "\n";
+     out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
+
+  This will write the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42
+     (-3.140000, +3.140000)
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``out.str()`` or
+  accessed as a C string with ``out.c_str()``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char>
+class BasicWriter {
+ private:
+  // Output buffer.
+  mutable internal::Array<Char, internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer_;
+
+  typedef typename internal::CharTraits<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+
+#if _SECURE_SCL
+  // Returns pointer value.
+  static Char *get(CharPtr p) { return p.base(); }
+#else
+  static Char *get(Char *p) { return p; }
+#endif
+
+  static CharPtr fill_padding(CharPtr buffer,
+      unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill);
+
+  // Grows the buffer by n characters and returns a pointer to the newly
+  // allocated area.
+  CharPtr grow_buffer(std::size_t n) {
+    std::size_t size = buffer_.size();
+    buffer_.resize(size + n);
+    return internal::make_ptr(&buffer_[size], n);
+  }
+
+  // Prepare a buffer for integer formatting.
+  CharPtr prepare_int_buffer(unsigned num_digits,
+      const EmptySpec &, const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size) {
+    unsigned size = prefix_size + num_digits;
+    CharPtr p = grow_buffer(size);
+    std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+    return p + size - 1;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Spec>
+  CharPtr prepare_int_buffer(unsigned num_digits,
+    const Spec &spec, const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size);
+
+  // Formats an integer.
+  template <typename T, typename Spec>
+  void write_int(T value, const Spec &spec);
+
+  // Formats a floating-point number (double or long double).
+  template <typename T>
+  void write_double(T value, const FormatSpec &spec);
+
+  // Writes a formatted string.
+  template <typename StrChar>
+  CharPtr write_str(
+      const StrChar *s, std::size_t size, const AlignSpec &spec);
+
+  template <typename StrChar>
+  void write_str(
+      const internal::Arg::StringValue<StrChar> &str, const FormatSpec &spec);
+
+  // This method is private to disallow writing a wide string to a
+  // char stream and vice versa. If you want to print a wide string
+  // as a pointer as std::ostream does, cast it to const void*.
+  // Do not implement!
+  void operator<<(typename internal::CharTraits<Char>::UnsupportedStrType);
+
+  friend class internal::ArgFormatter<Char>;
+  friend class internal::PrintfFormatter<Char>;
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    Constructs a ``BasicWriter`` object.
+   */
+  BasicWriter() {}
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+  /**
+    Constructs a ``BasicWriter`` object moving the content of the other
+    object to it.
+   */
+  BasicWriter(BasicWriter &&other) : buffer_(std::move(other.buffer_)) {}
+
+  /**
+    Moves the content of the other ``BasicWriter`` object to this one.
+   */
+  BasicWriter& operator=(BasicWriter &&other) {
+    assert(this != &other);
+    buffer_ = std::move(other.buffer_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /**
+    Returns the total number of characters written.
+   */
+  std::size_t size() const { return buffer_.size(); }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  const Char *data() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  const Char *c_str() const {
+    std::size_t size = buffer_.size();
+    buffer_.reserve(size + 1);
+    buffer_[size] = '\0';
+    return &buffer_[0];
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an `std::string`.
+   */
+  std::basic_string<Char> str() const {
+    return std::basic_string<Char>(&buffer_[0], buffer_.size());
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Writes formatted data.
+    
+    *args* is an argument list representing arbitrary arguments.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+       Writer out;
+       out.write("Current point:\n");
+       out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
+
+    This will write the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+    .. code-block:: none
+
+       Current point:
+       (-3.140000, +3.140000)
+
+    The output can be accessed using :meth:`data`, :meth:`c_str` or :meth:`str`
+    methods.
+
+    See also `Format String Syntax`_.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  void write(BasicStringRef<Char> format, const ArgList &args) {
+    BasicFormatter<Char>(*this).format(format, args);
+  }
+  FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(write, fmt::BasicStringRef<Char>)
+
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(int value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<int>(value);
+  }
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(unsigned value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<unsigned>(value);
+  }
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(long value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<long>(value);
+  }
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(unsigned long value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<unsigned long>(value);
+  }
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(LongLong value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<LongLong>(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Formats *value* and writes it to the stream.
+   */
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(ULongLong value) {
+    return *this << IntFormatSpec<ULongLong>(value);
+  }
+
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(double value) {
+    write_double(value, FormatSpec());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Formats *value* using the general format for floating-point numbers
+    (``'g'``) and writes it to the stream.
+   */
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(long double value) {
+    write_double(value, FormatSpec());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Writes a character to the stream.
+   */
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(char value) {
+    buffer_.push_back(value);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(wchar_t value) {
+    buffer_.push_back(internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Writes *value* to the stream.
+   */
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(fmt::BasicStringRef<Char> value) {
+    const Char *str = value.c_str();
+    buffer_.append(str, str + value.size());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename Spec, typename FillChar>
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(const IntFormatSpec<T, Spec, FillChar> &spec) {
+    internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(FillChar());
+    write_int(spec.value(), spec);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename StrChar>
+  BasicWriter &operator<<(const StrFormatSpec<StrChar> &spec) {
+    const StrChar *s = spec.str();
+    // TODO: error if fill is not convertible to Char
+    write_str(s, std::char_traits<Char>::length(s), spec);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  void clear() { buffer_.clear(); }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+template <typename StrChar>
+typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr BasicWriter<Char>::write_str(
+    const StrChar *s, std::size_t size, const AlignSpec &spec) {
+  CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+  if (spec.width() > size) {
+    out = grow_buffer(spec.width());
+    Char fill = static_cast<Char>(spec.fill());
+    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_RIGHT) {
+      std::fill_n(out, spec.width() - size, fill);
+      out += spec.width() - size;
+    } else if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER) {
+      out = fill_padding(out, spec.width(), size, fill);
+    } else {
+      std::fill_n(out + size, spec.width() - size, fill);
+    }
+  } else {
+    out = grow_buffer(size);
+  }
+  std::copy(s, s + size, out);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+template <typename Spec>
+typename fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr
+  fmt::BasicWriter<Char>::prepare_int_buffer(
+    unsigned num_digits, const Spec &spec,
+    const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size) {
+  unsigned width = spec.width();
+  Alignment align = spec.align();
+  Char fill = static_cast<Char>(spec.fill());
+  if (spec.precision() > static_cast<int>(num_digits)) {
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so ignore it if precision
+    // is specified.
+    if (prefix_size > 0 && prefix[prefix_size - 1] == '0')
+      --prefix_size;
+    unsigned number_size = prefix_size + spec.precision();
+    AlignSpec subspec(number_size, '0', ALIGN_NUMERIC);
+    if (number_size >= width)
+      return prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, subspec, prefix, prefix_size);
+    buffer_.reserve(width);
+    unsigned fill_size = width - number_size;
+    if (align != ALIGN_LEFT) {
+      CharPtr p = grow_buffer(fill_size);
+      std::fill(p, p + fill_size, fill);
+    }
+    CharPtr result = prepare_int_buffer(
+        num_digits, subspec, prefix, prefix_size);
+    if (align == ALIGN_LEFT) {
+      CharPtr p = grow_buffer(fill_size);
+      std::fill(p, p + fill_size, fill);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+  unsigned size = prefix_size + num_digits;
+  if (width <= size) {
+    CharPtr p = grow_buffer(size);
+    std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+    return p + size - 1;
+  }
+  CharPtr p = grow_buffer(width);
+  CharPtr end = p + width;
+  if (align == ALIGN_LEFT) {
+    std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+    p += size;
+    std::fill(p, end, fill);
+  } else if (align == ALIGN_CENTER) {
+    p = fill_padding(p, width, size, fill);
+    std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+    p += size;
+  } else {
+    if (align == ALIGN_NUMERIC) {
+      if (prefix_size != 0) {
+        p = std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+        size -= prefix_size;
+      }
+    } else {
+      std::copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, end - size);
+    }
+    std::fill(p, end - size, fill);
+    p = end;
+  }
+  return p - 1;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+template <typename T, typename Spec>
+void BasicWriter<Char>::write_int(T value, const Spec &spec) {
+  unsigned prefix_size = 0;
+  typedef typename internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType UnsignedType;
+  UnsignedType abs_value = value;
+  char prefix[4] = "";
+  if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
+    prefix[0] = '-';
+    ++prefix_size;
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  } else if (spec.flag(SIGN_FLAG)) {
+    prefix[0] = spec.flag(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
+    ++prefix_size;
+  }
+  switch (spec.type()) {
+  case 0: case 'd': {
+    unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+    CharPtr p = prepare_int_buffer(
+      num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size) + 1 - num_digits;
+    internal::format_decimal(get(p), abs_value, num_digits);
+    break;
+  }
+  case 'x': case 'X': {
+    UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+    if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG)) {
+      prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+      prefix[prefix_size++] = spec.type();
+    }
+    unsigned num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((n >>= 4) != 0);
+    Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(
+      num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+    n = abs_value;
+    const char *digits = spec.type() == 'x' ?
+        "0123456789abcdef" : "0123456789ABCDEF";
+    do {
+      *p-- = digits[n & 0xf];
+    } while ((n >>= 4) != 0);
+    break;
+  }
+  case 'b': case 'B': {
+    UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+    if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG)) {
+      prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+      prefix[prefix_size++] = spec.type();
+    }
+    unsigned num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((n >>= 1) != 0);
+    Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+    n = abs_value;
+    do {
+      *p-- = '0' + (n & 1);
+    } while ((n >>= 1) != 0);
+    break;
+  }
+  case 'o': {
+    UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+    if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+      prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+    unsigned num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((n >>= 3) != 0);
+    Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+    n = abs_value;
+    do {
+      *p-- = '0' + (n & 7);
+    } while ((n >>= 3) != 0);
+    break;
+  }
+  default:
+    internal::report_unknown_type(
+      spec.type(), spec.flag(CHAR_FLAG) ? "char" : "integer");
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+// Formats a value.
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format(BasicFormatter<Char> &f, const Char *format_str, const T &value) {
+  std::basic_ostringstream<Char> os;
+  os << value;
+  f.format(format_str, internal::MakeArg<Char>(os.str()));
+}
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+void report_system_error(int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true);
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+/**
+ A Windows error.
+*/
+class WindowsError : public SystemError {
+ private:
+  void init(int error_code, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args);
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a :cpp:class:`fmt::WindowsError` object with the description
+   of the form "*<message>*: *<system-message>*", where *<message>* is the
+   formatted message and *<system-message>* is the system message corresponding
+   to the error code.
+   *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
+   \endrst
+  */
+  WindowsError(int error_code, StringRef message) {
+    init(error_code, message, ArgList());
+  }
+  FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(WindowsError, init, int, StringRef)
+};
+
+// Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+void report_windows_error(int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT(true);
+
+#endif
+
+enum Color { BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE };
+
+/**
+  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences
+  to specify color (experimental).
+  Example:
+    PrintColored(fmt::RED, "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds") << 1.23;
+ */
+void print_colored(Color c, StringRef format, const ArgList &args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = format("The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+inline std::string format(StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  Writer w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  return w.str();
+}
+
+inline std::wstring format(WStringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  WWriter w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  return w.str();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+void print(std::FILE *f, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline void print(StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args) {
+  print(stdout, format_str, args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+void print(std::ostream &os, StringRef format_str, const ArgList &args);
+
+template <typename Char>
+void printf(BasicWriter<Char> &w,
+    BasicStringRef<Char> format, const ArgList &args) {
+  internal::PrintfFormatter<Char>().format(w, format, args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+inline std::string sprintf(StringRef format, const ArgList &args) {
+  Writer w;
+  printf(w, format, args);
+  return w.str();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+int fprintf(std::FILE *f, StringRef format, const ArgList &args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline int printf(StringRef format, const ArgList &args) {
+  return fprintf(stdout, format, args);
+}
+
+/**
+  Fast integer formatter.
+ */
+class FormatInt {
+ private:
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+  // a sign and a null character.
+  enum {BUFFER_SIZE = std::numeric_limits<ULongLong>::digits10 + 3};
+  mutable char buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE];
+  char *str_;
+
+  // Formats value in reverse and returns the number of digits.
+  char *format_decimal(ULongLong value) {
+    char *buffer_end = buffer_ + BUFFER_SIZE - 1;
+    while (value >= 100) {
+      // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+      // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+      // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+      unsigned index = (value % 100) * 2;
+      value /= 100;
+      *--buffer_end = internal::DIGITS[index + 1];
+      *--buffer_end = internal::DIGITS[index];
+    }
+    if (value < 10) {
+      *--buffer_end = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
+      return buffer_end;
+    }
+    unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+    *--buffer_end = internal::DIGITS[index + 1];
+    *--buffer_end = internal::DIGITS[index];
+    return buffer_end;
+  }
+
+  void FormatSigned(LongLong value) {
+    ULongLong abs_value = static_cast<ULongLong>(value);
+    bool negative = value < 0;
+    if (negative)
+      abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    str_ = format_decimal(abs_value);
+    if (negative)
+      *--str_ = '-';
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit FormatInt(int value) { FormatSigned(value); }
+  explicit FormatInt(long value) { FormatSigned(value); }
+  explicit FormatInt(LongLong value) { FormatSigned(value); }
+  explicit FormatInt(unsigned value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+  explicit FormatInt(unsigned long value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+  explicit FormatInt(ULongLong value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer.
+   */
+  std::size_t size() const { return buffer_ - str_ + BUFFER_SIZE - 1; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  const char *data() const { return str_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  const char *c_str() const {
+    buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
+    return str_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an `std::string`.
+   */
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal integer value writing into buffer and returns
+// a pointer to the end of the formatted string. This function doesn't
+// write a terminating null character.
+template <typename T>
+inline void format_decimal(char *&buffer, T value) {
+  typename internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType abs_value = value;
+  if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
+    *buffer++ = '-';
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  }
+  if (abs_value < 100) {
+    if (abs_value < 10) {
+      *buffer++ = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
+      return;
+    }
+    unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value * 2);
+    *buffer++ = internal::DIGITS[index];
+    *buffer++ = internal::DIGITS[index + 1];
+    return;
+  }
+  unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+  internal::format_decimal(buffer, abs_value, num_digits);
+  buffer += num_digits;
+}
+}
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
+// Use the system_header pragma to suppress warnings about variadic macros
+// because suppressing -Wvariadic-macros with the diagnostic pragma doesn't
+// work. It is used at the end because we want to suppress as little warnings
+// as possible.
+# pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// This is used to work around VC++ bugs in handling variadic macros.
+#define FMT_EXPAND(args) args
+
+// Returns the number of arguments.
+// Based on https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.std.c/d-6Mj5Lko_s.
+#define FMT_NARG(...) FMT_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__, FMT_RSEQ_N())
+#define FMT_NARG_(...) FMT_EXPAND(FMT_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__))
+#define FMT_ARG_N(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10, N, ...) N
+#define FMT_RSEQ_N() 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
+
+#define FMT_CONCAT(a, b) a##b
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH_(N, f, ...) \
+  FMT_EXPAND(FMT_CONCAT(FMT_FOR_EACH, N)(f, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH(f, ...) \
+  FMT_EXPAND(FMT_FOR_EACH_(FMT_NARG(__VA_ARGS__), f, __VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME(type, index) type arg##index
+#define FMT_GET_ARG_NAME(type, index) arg##index
+
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_(Char, ReturnType, func, call, ...) \
+  template<typename... Args> \
+  ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), \
+      const Args & ... args) { \
+    using fmt::internal::Arg; \
+    const Arg array[fmt::internal::NonZero<sizeof...(Args)>::VALUE] = { \
+      fmt::internal::MakeArg<Char>(args)... \
+    }; \
+    call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), \
+      fmt::ArgList(array, sizeof...(Args))); \
+  }
+#else
+// Defines a wrapper for a function taking __VA_ARGS__ arguments
+// and n additional arguments of arbitrary types.
+# define FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, n, ...) \
+  template <FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)> \
+  inline ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), \
+      FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG)) { \
+    const fmt::internal::Arg args[] = {FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF_##Char)}; \
+    call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), \
+      fmt::ArgList(args, sizeof(args) / sizeof(*args))); \
+  }
+
+# define FMT_VARIADIC_(Char, ReturnType, func, call, ...) \
+  inline ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__)) { \
+    call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), fmt::ArgList()); \
+  } \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 1, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 2, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 3, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 4, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 5, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 6, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 7, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 8, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 9, __VA_ARGS__) \
+  FMT_WRAP(Char, ReturnType, func, call, 10, __VA_ARGS__)
+#endif  // FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Defines a variadic function with the specified return type, function name
+  and argument types passed as variable arguments to this macro.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
+                     const fmt::ArgList &args) {
+      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+      fmt::print(format, args);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC(void, print_error, const char *, int, const char *)
+
+  ``FMT_VARIADIC`` is used for compatibility with legacy C++ compilers that
+  don't implement variadic templates. You don't have to use this macro if
+  you don't need legacy compiler support and can use variadic templates
+  directly::
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
+                     const Args & ... args) {
+      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+      fmt::print(format, args...);
+    }
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_VARIADIC(ReturnType, func, ...) \
+  FMT_VARIADIC_(char, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_W(ReturnType, func, ...) \
+  FMT_VARIADIC_(wchar_t, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+namespace fmt {
+FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, format, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC_W(std::wstring, format, WStringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, std::FILE *, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, std::ostream &, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print_colored, Color, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, sprintf, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(int, printf, StringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(int, fprintf, std::FILE *, StringRef)
+}
+
+// Restore warnings.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406
+# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_